Conditionals for arguments
Use conditionals to discuss consequences and hypothetical policies in Task 2 and Speaking Part 3.
First conditional: likely results
If + present simple, will + verb. Use it for realistic consequences.
- If governments tax sugary drinks, consumption will fall.
Second conditional: hypothetical situations
If + past simple, would + verb. Use it for unlikely or imaginary situations and policy proposals.
- If university were free, more students from poorer families would apply.
Mixed and alternative forms
Unless means 'if not'. Provided that and as long as add a condition. These add range to your writing.
- Unless cities invest in buses, congestion will continue.
- Remote work can succeed, provided that teams meet regularly.